Free and Open
This is the weighted total of the four scored pillars.
Country assessmentResearch confidence: Medium · Evidence coverage: Standard
Monaco · 2026
Monaco
Global services remain open and legal protections generally function. A concentrated media environment, surveillance powers, and limited institutional pluralism constrain the score.
Assessment windowJanuary 1–December 31, 2025
Research cutoffJuly 17, 2026
FrameworkMethodology v0.3 · 20 indicators
Territory coveragePrincipality of Monaco
Finding
01Why Monaco received this score.
Global services remain open and legal protections generally function. A concentrated media environment, surveillance powers, and limited institutional pluralism constrain the score.
The score draws on country reporting, network measurements, shutdown records, journalist cases, privacy law, and rule-of-law data. The indicator findings below show how that evidence was converted into points. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Open Internet & Content Controls
No systematic political filtering or state-directed shutdown pattern was established in the reviewed record.
Rule of Law & Accountability
Formal remedies exist, but cost, delay, secrecy, or inconsistent enforcement limits their practical value.
Standard coverage
10 cited sources support this assessment.
Scored assessment
02Indicator scores.
Each indicator receives 0–4 points. Five indicators form a pillar. The pillar average is converted to a percentage and multiplied by its published weight.
B
30% weight
Open Internet & Content Controls
No systematic political filtering or state-directed shutdown pattern was established in the reviewed record.
97.529.3 / 30 points
B1Shutdowns and throttling3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: The U.S. human-rights report found no government disruption of internet access, online censorship, or monitoring of private communications without appropriate legal authority.; OONI measurements and the Access Now shutdown record provide the incident check. [2][3][4][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's B1 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
B2Website and service blocking4.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: The U.S. human-rights report found no government disruption of internet access, online censorship, or monitoring of private communications without appropriate legal authority.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and private discussion 4/4; the country OONI dashboard supplies direct network measurements. [3][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's B2 evidence supports 4.0/4. The record matches the strongest published anchor.
B3Removal and filtering orders4.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: The U.S. human-rights report found no government disruption of internet access, online censorship, or monitoring of private communications without appropriate legal authority.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and private discussion 4/4. [2][1][9][3]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's B3 evidence supports 4.0/4. The record matches the strongest published anchor.
B4Intermediary liability4.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: The U.S. human-rights report found no government disruption of internet access, online censorship, or monitoring of private communications without appropriate legal authority.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4. [2][1][9][3]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's B4 evidence supports 4.0/4. The record matches the strongest published anchor.
B5Circumvention and cross-border access4.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: The U.S. human-rights report found no government disruption of internet access, online censorship, or monitoring of private communications without appropriate legal authority.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and private discussion 4/4; OONI and Freedom House records provide the circumvention check. [3][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's B5 evidence supports 4.0/4. The record matches the strongest published anchor.
C
30% weight
Free Expression & Civic Space
Speech laws, official pressure, or civil liability create recurring risks for journalists and online critics.
85.025.5 / 30 points
C1Legal protection for expression3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Expression and an independent press generally function, although criminal provisions on defamation and denunciations involving the ruling family remain available.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and private discussion 4/4; the relevant Freedom House country score 82/100. [1][7][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's C1 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
C2Speech-related offenses3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Expression and an independent press generally function, although criminal provisions on defamation and denunciations involving the ruling family remain available.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and due process 4/4; Freedom House country reporting supplies the offense and enforcement record. [2][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's C2 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
C3Arrests and penalties3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Expression and an independent press generally function, although criminal provisions on defamation and denunciations involving the ruling family remain available.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded due process 4/4 and equal treatment under law 4/4; CPJ and Freedom House records provide the documented case check. [2][5][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's C3 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
C4Harassment, violence, and digital attacks3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Expression and an independent press generally function, although criminal provisions on defamation and denunciations involving the ruling family remain available.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and equal treatment under law 4/4; CPJ and Freedom House reporting provide the violence, harassment, and accountability record. [5][8][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's C4 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
C5Civic participation and pluralism3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Expression and an independent press generally function, although criminal provisions on defamation and denunciations involving the ruling family remain available.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded political choice free from domination 1/4 and assembly freedom 4/4. [2][1][9]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's C5 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
D
20% weight
Privacy, Anonymity & User Security
Privacy law provides meaningful rights, but exemptions, enforcement gaps, or intelligence powers remain material.
85.017.0 / 20 points
D1Data protection rights3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Law No. 1.565 guarantees data-subject rights and created an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, with separate rules for public-security and judicial processing.. [6][1][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's D1 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
D2Surveillance law and authorization3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Law No. 1.565 guarantees data-subject rights and created an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, with separate rules for public-security and judicial processing.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 3/4 and due process 4/4. [1][7][10][6]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's D2 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
D3Retention, access, and identity mandates3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Law No. 1.565 guarantees data-subject rights and created an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, with separate rules for public-security and judicial processing.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded private discussion 4/4 and due process 4/4; UNCTAD and Freedom House records provide the retention and identity-law check. [1][6][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's D3 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
D4Targeted surveillance and spyware3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Law No. 1.565 guarantees data-subject rights and created an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, with separate rules for public-security and judicial processing.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded media freedom 4/4 and equal treatment under law 4/4; CPJ and Freedom House reporting provide the targeted-surveillance case record. [5][1][10][6]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's D4 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
D5Encryption and anonymity3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: Law No. 1.565 guarantees data-subject rights and created an independent Personal Data Protection Authority, with separate rules for public-security and judicial processing.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded private discussion 4/4; OONI and Freedom House records provide the encryption and anonymity check. [3][1][10][6]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's D5 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
E
20% weight
Rule of Law & Accountability
Formal remedies exist, but cost, delay, secrecy, or inconsistent enforcement limits their practical value.
77.515.5 / 20 points
E1Judicial independence and due process3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: An independent judiciary and the new data authority provide remedies, but executive concentration and the scale of the principality narrow institutional pluralism.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 3/4 and due process 4/4. [7][1][9][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's E1 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
E2Independent regulators3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: An independent judiciary and the new data authority provide remedies, but executive concentration and the scale of the principality narrow institutional pluralism.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded government safeguards against corruption 2/4 and government openness and transparency 4/4. [7][1][9][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's E2 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
E3Government transparency3.5 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: An independent judiciary and the new data authority provide remedies, but executive concentration and the scale of the principality narrow institutional pluralism.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded government openness and transparency 4/4. [7][1][9][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's E3 evidence supports 3.5/4. Protection is strong, with a bounded exception preventing full credit.
E4Notice, appeal, and remedy3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: An independent judiciary and the new data authority provide remedies, but executive concentration and the scale of the principality narrow institutional pluralism.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 3/4 and due process 4/4. [7][1][9][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's E4 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
E5Open and multistakeholder policymaking3.0 / 4
Observed record
Monaco: An independent judiciary and the new data authority provide remedies, but executive concentration and the scale of the principality narrow institutional pluralism.; Freedom House's 2025 country scorecard recorded elected officials' authority 2/4 and assembly freedom 4/4. [2][1][9][10]
Scoring judgment
Monaco's E5 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
Country findings
03Findings by pillar.
These are the principal findings for each scored part of the report. The indicator records above provide the supporting detail.
Open Internet & Content Controls
No systematic political filtering or state-directed shutdown pattern was established in the reviewed record.
[2][3][4]Free Expression & Civic Space
Speech laws, official pressure, or civil liability create recurring risks for journalists and online critics.
[2][5][8]Privacy, Anonymity & User Security
Privacy law provides meaningful rights, but exemptions, enforcement gaps, or intelligence powers remain material.
[6][1]Rule of Law & Accountability
Formal remedies exist, but cost, delay, secrecy, or inconsistent enforcement limits their practical value.
[7][1]Research record
04Coverage
Principality of Monaco, assessed from January 1 through December 31, 2025.
Evidence
Network measurements, legal and institutional datasets, shutdown records, and documented cases support the findings.
Scoring
Twenty indicators measure content openness, expression, privacy, security, and institutional checks under Methodology v0.3.
Source register
05Sources used for this report.
Country reporting, open measurements, and cross-national datasets form the report record.
- 01Freedom HouseMonaco: Freedom in the World 2025 country report ↗Civil society · 2025 edition
- 02Digital Society ProjectDigital Society Project Dataset v8 ↗Independent measurement · 2000–2025 country-year data
- 03Open Observatory of Network InterferenceMonaco measurement dashboard ↗Independent measurement · Accessed July 17, 2026
- 04Access Now and the #KeepItOn coalitionInternet Shutdowns in 2025 Annual Report ↗Civil society · March 2026
- 05Committee to Protect Journalists2025 journalist prison census and case database ↗Civil society · January 21, 2026
- 06UN Trade and DevelopmentData protection and privacy legislation worldwide ↗International organization · Accessed July 17, 2026
- 07World Justice ProjectRule of Law Index 2025 ↗Independent measurement · October 28, 2025
- 08Reporters Without BordersWorld Press Freedom Index 2026 ↗Civil society · May 2026
- 09U.S. Department of StateMonaco: 2023 Country Report on Human Rights Practices ↗Official data · April 22, 2024
- 10Journal de MonacoLaw No. 1.565 of December 3, 2024 on the Protection of Personal Data ↗Law and court record · December 13, 2024