Highly Restricted
This is the weighted total of the four scored pillars.
Jurisdiction assessmentResearch confidence: High · Evidence coverage: Full
Hong Kong · 2026
Hong Kong
The mainland filtering system is not fully imposed, but national-security laws, prosecutions, media closures, surveillance, and weakened judicial safeguards have sharply narrowed protected online expression.
Assessment windowJanuary 1–December 31, 2025
Research cutoffJuly 17, 2026
FrameworkMethodology v0.3 · 20 indicators
Territory coverageHong Kong Special Administrative Region
Finding
01Why Hong Kong received this score.
The mainland filtering system is not fully imposed, but national-security laws, prosecutions, media closures, surveillance, and weakened judicial safeguards have sharply narrowed protected online expression.
The score draws on country reporting, network measurements, shutdown records, journalist cases, privacy law, and rule-of-law data. The indicator findings below show how that evidence was converted into points. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Open Internet & Content Controls
Political sites and platforms face broad or recurring blocks, and independent review is weak.
Free Expression & Civic Space
Independent political expression and civic organizing face systematic state repression.
Full coverage
8 cited sources support this assessment.
Scored assessment
02Indicator scores.
Each indicator receives 0–4 points. Five indicators form a pillar. The pillar average is converted to a percentage and multiplied by its published weight.
B
30% weight
Open Internet & Content Controls
Political sites and platforms face broad or recurring blocks, and independent review is weak.
50.015.0 / 30 points
B1Shutdowns and throttling3.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Most global services remain technically accessible, but national-security and sedition rules drive removals, outlet closures, self-censorship, and pressure on platforms and publishers.; DSP's 2025 shutdown-practice estimate 4/4; social-media shutdown estimate 4/4; OONI measurements and the Access Now shutdown record provide the incident check. [2][3][4][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's B1 evidence supports 3.0/4. Protection is generally effective, with recurring but bounded shortcomings.
B2Website and service blocking1.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Most global services remain technically accessible, but national-security and sedition rules drive removals, outlet closures, self-censorship, and pressure on platforms and publishers.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and private discussion 1/4; DSP's 2025 political-filtering estimate 2/4; the country OONI dashboard supplies direct network measurements. [3][1][2]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's B2 evidence supports 1.5/4. Restrictions are widespread, although limited protection remains.
B3Removal and filtering orders2.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Most global services remain technically accessible, but national-security and sedition rules drive removals, outlet closures, self-censorship, and pressure on platforms and publishers.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and private discussion 1/4; DSP's 2025 political-content censorship estimate 3/4; online-speech legal protection 2/4. [2][1][3]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's B3 evidence supports 2.0/4. Restrictions are recurrent and safeguards are only partly effective.
B4Intermediary liability1.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Most global services remain technically accessible, but national-security and sedition rules drive removals, outlet closures, self-censorship, and pressure on platforms and publishers.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4; DSP's online-speech legal protection estimate 2/4; protection against legal abuse by political elites 1/4. [2][1][3]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's B4 evidence supports 1.5/4. Restrictions are widespread, although limited protection remains.
B5Circumvention and cross-border access2.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Most global services remain technically accessible, but national-security and sedition rules drive removals, outlet closures, self-censorship, and pressure on platforms and publishers.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and private discussion 1/4; DSP's political-filtering estimate 2/4; independence from state-controlled social platforms 3/4; OONI and Freedom House records provide the circumvention check. [3][1][2]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's B5 evidence supports 2.0/4. Restrictions are recurrent and safeguards are only partly effective.
C
30% weight
Free Expression & Civic Space
Independent political expression and civic organizing face systematic state repression.
25.07.5 / 30 points
C1Legal protection for expression1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Prominent democracy advocates and publishers have been convicted, political parties and independent outlets have disbanded, and overseas activists face bounties, passport cancellation, and financial restrictions.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and private discussion 1/4; DSP's online-speech legal protection estimate 2/4; WJP's effective-expression measure 1.7/4; the relevant Freedom House country score 41/100. [1][7][5][8]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's C1 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
C2Speech-related offenses1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Prominent democracy advocates and publishers have been convicted, political parties and independent outlets have disbanded, and overseas activists face bounties, passport cancellation, and financial restrictions.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and due process 2/4; DSP's protection against abuse of defamation and copyright law 1/4; Freedom House country reporting supplies the offense and enforcement record. [2][1][5][8]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's C2 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
C3Arrests and penalties1.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Prominent democracy advocates and publishers have been convicted, political parties and independent outlets have disbanded, and overseas activists face bounties, passport cancellation, and financial restrictions.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded due process 2/4 and equal treatment under law 3/4; DSP's 2025 political-arrest estimate 1/3; CPJ and Freedom House records provide the documented case check. [2][5][1][8]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's C3 evidence supports 1.5/4. Restrictions are widespread, although limited protection remains.
C4Harassment, violence, and digital attacks1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Prominent democracy advocates and publishers have been convicted, political parties and independent outlets have disbanded, and overseas activists face bounties, passport cancellation, and financial restrictions.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and equal treatment under law 3/4; the 2026 RSF press-freedom score 39.5/100; CPJ and Freedom House reporting provide the violence, harassment, and accountability record. [5][8][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's C4 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
C5Civic participation and pluralism0.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Prominent democracy advocates and publishers have been convicted, political parties and independent outlets have disbanded, and overseas activists face bounties, passport cancellation, and financial restrictions.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded political choice free from domination 0/4 and assembly freedom 1/4; DSP's online-media pluralism estimate 0/4; ordinary people's online civic-mobilization estimate 0/4; WJP's civic-participation measure 2/4. [2][1][5][8]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's C5 evidence supports 0.5/4. Only narrow residual protection remains.
D
20% weight
Privacy, Anonymity & User Security
Broad surveillance powers and limited independent authorization weaken privacy and anonymity.
40.08.0 / 20 points
D1Data protection rights2.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Formal privacy law and access to encryption remain, while national-security surveillance, device access, overseas targeting, and weak transparency sharply reduce political privacy and anonymity.; DSP's privacy-law existence measure 1/1; privacy-law constraint on government access 2/4; WJP's effective-privacy measure 1.6/4. [6][1][2][7]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's D1 evidence supports 2.0/4. Restrictions are recurrent and safeguards are only partly effective.
D2Surveillance law and authorization1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Formal privacy law and access to encryption remain, while national-security surveillance, device access, overseas targeting, and weak transparency sharply reduce political privacy and anonymity.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 2/4 and due process 2/4; DSP's protection from political social-media monitoring 2/4; WJP's effective-privacy measure 1.6/4. [1][7][2]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's D2 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
D3Retention, access, and identity mandates1.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Formal privacy law and access to encryption remain, while national-security surveillance, device access, overseas targeting, and weak transparency sharply reduce political privacy and anonymity.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded private discussion 1/4 and due process 2/4; DSP's privacy-law constraint on government access 2/4; protection from political monitoring 2/4; UNCTAD and Freedom House records provide the retention and identity-law check. [1][6][2][7]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's D3 evidence supports 1.5/4. Restrictions are widespread, although limited protection remains.
D4Targeted surveillance and spyware1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Formal privacy law and access to encryption remain, while national-security surveillance, device access, overseas targeting, and weak transparency sharply reduce political privacy and anonymity.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded media freedom 1/4 and equal treatment under law 3/4; DSP's protection from political monitoring 2/4; the RSF press-freedom environment 39.5/100; CPJ and Freedom House reporting provide the targeted-surveillance case record. [5][1][2][7]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's D4 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
D5Encryption and anonymity2.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Formal privacy law and access to encryption remain, while national-security surveillance, device access, overseas targeting, and weak transparency sharply reduce political privacy and anonymity.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded private discussion 1/4; DSP's political-filtering estimate 2/4; protection from political monitoring 2/4; OONI and Freedom House records provide the encryption and anonymity check. [3][1][2][7]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's D5 evidence supports 2.5/4. Meaningful safeguards coexist with material restrictions.
E
20% weight
Rule of Law & Accountability
Political pressure on courts, regulators, or media institutions weakens otherwise functioning safeguards.
25.05.0 / 20 points
E1Judicial independence and due process1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Candidate vetting, Beijing's control over leadership selection, special national-security procedures, and the dissolution of opposition institutions prevent dependable rights review in political cases.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 2/4 and due process 2/4; WJP's judicial-constraint measure 2.3/4; administrative due-process measure 3.3/4; civil-justice independence measure 2.4/4. [7][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's E1 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
E2Independent regulators1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Candidate vetting, Beijing's control over leadership selection, special national-security procedures, and the dissolution of opposition institutions prevent dependable rights review in political cases.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded government safeguards against corruption 3/4 and government openness and transparency 2/4; WJP's independent-review measure 2.1/4; regulatory independence measure 3.9/4. [7][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's E2 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
E3Government transparency1.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Candidate vetting, Beijing's control over leadership selection, special national-security procedures, and the dissolution of opposition institutions prevent dependable rights review in political cases.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded government openness and transparency 2/4; WJP's publicized-laws measure 2.9/4; right-to-information measure 3/4. [7][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's E3 evidence supports 1.5/4. Restrictions are widespread, although limited protection remains.
E4Notice, appeal, and remedy1.0 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Candidate vetting, Beijing's control over leadership selection, special national-security procedures, and the dissolution of opposition institutions prevent dependable rights review in political cases.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded judicial independence 2/4 and due process 2/4; WJP's complaint-mechanisms measure 3.0/4; civil-justice access measure 2.6/4; civil-justice enforcement measure 2.8/4. [7][1]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's E4 evidence supports 1.0/4. The right is severely restricted and effective safeguards are weak.
E5Open and multistakeholder policymaking0.5 / 4
Observed record
Hong Kong: Candidate vetting, Beijing's control over leadership selection, special national-security procedures, and the dissolution of opposition institutions prevent dependable rights review in political cases.; Freedom House's 2026 country scorecard recorded elected officials' authority 0/4 and assembly freedom 1/4; WJP's civic-participation measure 2/4; DSP's online civic-mobilization estimate 0/4. [2][1][7]
Scoring judgment
Hong Kong's E5 evidence supports 0.5/4. Only narrow residual protection remains.
Jurisdiction findings
03Findings by pillar.
These are the principal findings for each scored part of the report. The indicator records above provide the supporting detail.
Open Internet & Content Controls
Political sites and platforms face broad or recurring blocks, and independent review is weak.
[2][3][4]Free Expression & Civic Space
Independent political expression and civic organizing face systematic state repression.
[2][5][8]Privacy, Anonymity & User Security
Broad surveillance powers and limited independent authorization weaken privacy and anonymity.
[6][1]Rule of Law & Accountability
Political pressure on courts, regulators, or media institutions weakens otherwise functioning safeguards.
[7][1]Research record
04Coverage
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, assessed from January 1 through December 31, 2025.
Evidence
Network measurements, legal and institutional datasets, shutdown records, and documented cases support the findings.
Scoring
Twenty indicators measure content openness, expression, privacy, security, and institutional checks under Methodology v0.3.
Source register
05Sources used for this report.
Country reporting, open measurements, and cross-national datasets form the report record.
- 01Freedom HouseHong Kong: Freedom in the World 2026 country report ↗Civil society · 2026 edition
- 02Digital Society ProjectDigital Society Project Dataset v8 ↗Independent measurement · 2000–2025 country-year data
- 03Open Observatory of Network InterferenceHong Kong measurement dashboard ↗Independent measurement · Accessed July 17, 2026
- 04Access Now and the #KeepItOn coalitionInternet Shutdowns in 2025 Annual Report ↗Civil society · March 2026
- 05Committee to Protect Journalists2025 journalist prison census and case database ↗Civil society · January 21, 2026
- 06UN Trade and DevelopmentData protection and privacy legislation worldwide ↗International organization · Accessed July 17, 2026
- 07World Justice ProjectRule of Law Index 2025 ↗Independent measurement · October 28, 2025
- 08Reporters Without BordersHong Kong: World Press Freedom Index 2026 profile ↗Civil society · May 2026